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and other indicators of growing sociopolitical complexity mark the Upper Archaic Period(3,000-1,500 BP). Exchange systems become more complex and formalized. Evidence of regular, sustained trade between groups was seen for the fust time. Several technological and social changes characterized the Emergent Period(1,500-150 BP).The bow and arrow _ were introduced,ultimately replacing the dart and atlat.Territorial boundaries between groups became well established. It became increasingly common that distinctions in an individual's social status could be linked to acquired wealth. Exchange of goods between groups became more regular with more goods,including raw materials,entering into the exchange networks. ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT Ethnographically,the Northern Valley Yokuts occupied lands on either side of the San Joaquin River from the Sacramento—San Joaquin Delta to south of Mendota,which includes the project site and vicinity.The Diablo range probably marked the Yokuts'western territorial boundary,and the eastern boundary ran along the Sierra foothills — (Wallace 1978).The late prehistoric Yokuts may have been the largest ethnic group in pre-contact California and were organized into various"triblets"Each triblet,which served as the basic political unit among the Yokuts, occupied a defined area and consisted of a few hundred to several thousand individuals(Moratto 1984). — Euro-American contact with the Northem Valley Yokuts began with in the late 1700s to early 1800s.Many Yokuts were lured or captured by missionaries and scattered among the various missions,although some escaped and _ returned to the Valley.Raids on Spanish(and later Mexican)livestock herds became commonplace in the early 19th century,leading to sometimes devastating retaliation by the settlers.Additional pressures on Yokut populations occurred with the malaria epidemic of 1833 that killed thousands,decimating the population.The influx of Europeans during the gold rush era finther reduced the population because of disease and violent relations with the miners.Though no gold was found in the Yokuts territory,would-be miners passing through on their way to the Mother Lode diggings caused a certain amount of upheaval.By the latter decades of the 1800s,former miners and newly arrived farmers settled the San Joaquin Valley,My displacing the native Yokuts(Wallace 1978). HISTORIC CONTEXT The first known Europeans to settle in the San Joaquin County(County)area were trappers with the Hudson's Bay Company. These trappers were mainly of French descent and settled in the area still known today as French Camp. In 1829,the Spanish government attempted to find a new location for a mission in the area. However,they were driven out of the area and defeated in a battle on the banks of the Stanislaus River by Native Americans under Estanisloa,Chief of the Si-yak-um-na(Cook 1975).This was the last major Spanish attempt at further settling the region. A prominent and successful European settler in the region was Captain C.M.Weber,a German immigrant who left his native land in 1836.Weber made his way to Sutter's Fort,where he was employed as overseer and general assistant to Sutter.Eventually he made a trip to San Jose sometime during 1841,where he struck up a partnership with Guillermo Gulnac. In 1842,they built and opened a flour mill and made sea biscuits (a form of hard, unleavened bread).A year later,Gulnac obtained a land grant of 48,000 acres from the Mexican government near French Camp and raised cattle(Cook 1975). This holding became known as Campo de los Franceses(Beck and — Haase 1974)and included lands now incorporated into the College Park site. Farming and the raising of livestock became more intensive in the area through the 1850s and 1860s, and in 1868 the Central Pacific Railroad Company announced their intentions to build a rail yard in Lathrop to provide access to the agricultural wealth of the region.The completion of the transcontinental rail line in May 1869 provided additional impetus for development in the region.Additional economic growth was spurred by the Central Valley _ Project(CVP), a massive water-transportation system funded by the U.S.government and initiated in 1938.The CVP pumped water from the Sacramento River into two canals,the Contra Costa Channel and the Delta—Mendota EDAW College Park at Mountain House Specific Plan III Draft EIR Cultural Resources 4.6-2 San Joaquin County