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4.6 Air Quality TABLE 4.6-1 STATE AND NATIONAL CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT STANDARDS, EFFECTS, AND SOURCES Averaging State National Pollutant Time Standard Standard Pollutant Health and Atmospheric Effects Major Pollutant Sources Ozone 1 Hour 0.09 ppm 0.12 ppm High concentrations can directly affect lungs,causing Formed when reactive organic gases and nitrogen 8 Hour 0.07 ppm 0.08 ppm irritation.Long-term exposure may cause damage to oxides react in the presence of sunlight.Major sources lung tissue. include on-road motor vehicles,solvent evaporation, and commercial/industrial mobile equipment. Carbon 1 Hour 20 ppm 35 ppm Classified as a chemical asphyxiant,carbon monoxide Internal combustion engines,primarily gasoline- Monoxide 8 Hour 9.0 ppm 9 ppm interferes with the transfer of fresh oxygen to the blood powered motor vehicles, and deprives sensitive tissues of oxygen. Nitrogen 1 Hour 0.25 ppm — Irritating to eyes and respiratory tract.Colors Motor vehicles,petroleum-refining operations,industrial Dioxide Annual — 0.053 ppm atmosphere reddish-brown. sources,aircraft,ships,and railroads. Sulfur 1 Hour 0.25 ppm — Irritates upper respiratory tract;injurious to lung tissue. Fuel combustion,chemical plants,sulfur recovery Dioxide 3 Hour — 0.5 ppm Can yellow the leaves of plants,destructive to marble, plants,and metal processing. 24 Hour 0.04 ppm 0.14 ppm iron,and steel.Limits visibility and reduces sunlight. Annual — 0.03 ppm Respirable 24 Hour 50 pg/m' 150 pg/m' May irritate eyes and respiratory tract,decreases in lung Dust and fume-producing industrial and agricultural Particulate Annual 20 pg/m' 50 pg/m' capacity,cancer and increased mortality.Produces operations,combustion,atmospheric photochemical Matter haze and limits visibility. reactions,and natural activities(e.g.,wind-raised dust (PM10) and ocean sprays). Fine 24 Hour — 65 pg/m' Increases respiratory disease,lung damage,cancer, Fuel combustion in motor vehicles,equipment,and Particulate Annual 12 pg/m' 15 Vg/m' and premature death. Reduces visibility and results in industrial sources;residential and agricultural burning. Matter surface soiling. Also,formed from photochemical reactions of other (PM2.5) pollutants,including nitrogen oxides,sulfur oxides,and organics. Lead Month 1.5 pg/m' — Disturbs gastrointestinal system,and causes anemia, Present source:lead smelters,battery manufacturing& Quarter — 1.5 pg/m' kidney disease,and neuromuscular and neurological recycling facilities. Past source: combustion of leaded dysfunction. gasoline. NOTE: ppm=parts per million;pg/m'=micrograms per cubic meter. SOURCE: California Air Resources Board,January 9,2003,<w .arb.ca.gov/ags/aags2.pdf-. RMC Pack Vernalis Quarry Mining and Reclamation Project 4.6-5 ESA/203015 Draft Environmental Impact Report May 2006