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WASTE DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS ORDER NO. R5-2008-0148 -2- LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL SECURITY, LLC AND THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FOR LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SITE 300 SAN JOAQUIN AND ALAMEDA COUNTIES order may occur within areas under investigation or remediation by the CERCLA project. 4. The general layout of the site, including the locations of the discharges covered in this permit, is shown on Attachment 2, a part of this Order. 5. The hydrogeologic units first encountered under discharge areas and depths to these units vary across the site and are controlled by geologic structures, elevation and depositional environments. A simplified cross-section with the stratigraphy and hydrologic characteristics at Site 300 is shown on Attachment 3, a part of this Order. Depth to groundwater varies across the site and ranges below the discharge areas from approximately 10 feet to 230 feet below ground surface (bgs). BACKGROUND 6. On 20 September 1996 the Regional Water Board adopted WDR Order No. 96-248 prescribing requirements for: a) The discharge of domestic and mechanical equipment wastewater to sewage evaporation and percolation ponds (hereafter collectively referred to as sewage ponds). b) The discharge of mechanical equipment wastewater to percolation pits. c) Discharges to Class II surface impoundments that were used for disposal of explosives processing wastewater and photographic rinse water. 7. In addition to the discharges to land, the Discharger had low threat discharges and discharges from cooling towers at Buildings 801 , 836A and 865 to surface water. These discharges were permitted under NPDES Permit No. CA0081396, WDR Order No. 94-131. Discharge from the cooling tower at Building 865 was discontinued in 1995. 8. The Discharger installed new waste disposal systems to eliminate discharge to surface waters. The Discharger evaluated wastewater disposal systems for cooling towers and mechanical equipment and proposed and installed, with Regional Water Board concurrence, percolation pits to engineer discharges from mechanical equipment and cooling towers to the subsurface. Between 1991 and 2005, the Discharger eliminated and/or replaced water- based cooling tower systems with air-cooled systems, thereby eliminating nineteen cooling tower discharges. 9. In a letter dated 22 May 2000, the Discharger notified the Regional Water Board that it had determined that the discharges from the cooling towers at