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4.5 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Draft Environmental Impact Report February 2021 14800 W. Schulte Road Logistics Center 4.5-4 2016). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed the global warming potential (GWP) concept to compare the ability of each GHG to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to another gas. The GWP of a GHG is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kilogram of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kilogram of a reference gas (IPCC 2014). The reference gas used is CO 2; therefore, GWP-weighted emissions are measured in metric tons (MT) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). The current version of the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod) (version 2016.3.2) assumes that the GWP for CH4 is 25 (so emissions of 1 MT of CH4 are equivalent to emissions of 25 MT of CO2), and the GWP for N2O is 298, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 2007). The GWP values identified in CalEEMod were applied to the Project. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide in 2017 (the most recent year for which data is available) totaled approximately 50,860 million metric tons (MMT) of CO2e, excluding land use change and forestry (PBL 2018). Six countries—China, the United States, the Russian Federation, India, Japan, and Brazil—and the European community accounted for approximately 65% of the total global emissions, or approximately 33,290 MMT CO 2e (PBL 2018). Per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990– 2018 (EPA 2020), total United States GHG emissions were approximately 6,676.6 MMT CO2e in 2018 (EPA 2020). The primary GHG emitted by human activities in the United States was CO2, which represented approximately 81.3% of total GHG emissions (5,428.1 MMT CO2e). The largest source of CO2, and of overall GHG emissions, was fossil- fuel combustion, which accounted for approximately 92.8% of CO2 emissions in 2018 (5,031.8 MMT CO2e). Relative to 1990, gross United States GHG emissions in 2018 were higher by 3.7%, down from a high of 15.2% above 1990 levels in 2007. GHG emissions decreased from 2017 to 2018 by 2.9% (188.4 MMT CO2e) and overall, net emissions in 2018 were 10.2% below 2005 levels (EPA 2020). According to California’s 2000–2018 GHG emissions inventory (2020 edition), California emitted 425 MMT CO2e in 2018, including emissions resulting from out-of-state electrical generation (CARB 2020). The sources of GHG emissions in California include transportation, industrial uses, electric power production from both in-state and out- of-state sources, commercial and residential uses, agriculture, high-GWP substances, and recycling and waste. The California GHG emissions source categories and their relative contributions in 2018 are presented in Table 4.5-1. Table 4.5-1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Sources in California Source Category Annual GHG Emissions (MMT CO2e) Percent of Total Transportation 169.50 40% Industrial uses 89.18 21% Electricity generationa 63.11 15% Residential and commercial uses 41.37 10% Agriculture 32.57 8% High GWP substances 20.46 5% Recycling and waste 9.09 2% Totals 425.28 100% Source: CARB 2020. Notes: GHG = greenhouse gas; GWP = global warming potential; MMT CO2e = million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Emissions reflect 2018 California GHG inventory. Totals may not sum due to rounding. a Includes emissions associated with imported electricity, which account for 24.57 MMT CO2e.