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Jay Swem 22 January 2021 Page 3 deposits (e.g., sand, shale, clay, and iron ore) and waste materials (e.g., fly ash, metal smelting slags, and spent abrasive materials). • The cement manufacturer crushes, grinds, and mixes the raw materials in appropriate proportions, and then heats the mixture in a rotary kiln(at temperatures up to 2750 degrees Fahrenheit)to produce glass-hard, spheroid nodules called clinkers. • The chemical reactions and physical processes in the rotary kiln transform the raw materials into the primary chemical compounds in Portland cement(i.e., calcium silicates, aluminates, and aluminoferrites). Accordingly, the raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement are not subject to specific chemical composition requirements, but instead rely on their relative proportion of key elements (e.g., calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron). The chemical composition of the materials used during steel fabrication was evaluated. The information was obtained from manufacturer's safety data sheets for specific products (i.e., welding flux,welding wire,and abrasive blast material)and manufacturing standards for structural steel products. The table below identifies the estimated percentage(by weight)of iron, silicon, and aluminum in these products. Predominant Approximate % Chemical and (by weight) of Approximate % Iron, Silicon, and Material Description Product Name (by weight) Aluminum Welding flux Lincolnweld®980 Aluminum, 26% 36% Welding wire Lincolnweld®L-56 Iron, 70% 70% Cast steel abrasive shot/grit SAE J827/SAE J1993 Iron, 95% 96% Structural steel ASME SA572 Grade 50 Iron, 98% 98% Based on the above-listed information, the materials used during steel fabrication contain predominantly iron and aluminum and, depending on their relative proportion in the three waste types, would likely be a viable raw material for Portland cement manufacturing. The table on the following page summarizes the typical composition of each waste type, which was based on discussion with Herrick on their typical manufacturing processes. engineers I scientists I innovators