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Hydrated lime may be added up to 10 percent of the volume of cement used to make the seal mix more fluid. Bentonite may be added to cement-based mixes, up to 6 percent by weight of cement used,to improve fluid characteristics of the sealing mix and reduce the rate of heat generation during setting. Dry additives should be mixed with dry cement before adding water to the mixture to ensure proper mixing,uniformity of hydration,and an effective and homogeneous seal. The water demand of additives shall be taken into account when water is added to the mix. Minimum times required for sealing materials containing Portland cement to set and begin curing before construction operations on a well can be resumed are: • Types I and II cement - 24 hours • Type III cement - 12 hours • Type V cement - 6 hours Type IV cement is seldom used for annular seals because of its extended setting time. Allowable setting times may be reduced or lengthened by use of accelerators or retardants specifically designed to modify setting time,at the approval of the enforcing agency. More time shall be required for cement-based seals to cure to allow greater strength when construction or development operations following the placement of the seal may subject casing and sealing materials to significant stress. Subjecting a well to significant stress before a cement-based sealing material has adequately cured can damage the seal and prevent proper bonding of cement-based sealants to casing(s). If plastic well casing is used, care shall be exercised to control the heat of hydration generated during the setting and curing of cement in an annular seal. Heat can cause plastic casing to weaken and collapse. Heat generation is a special concern if thin-wall plastic well casing is used, if the well casing will be subject to significant net external pressure before the setting of the seal,and/or if the radial thickness of the annular seal is large. Additives that accelerate cement setting also tend to increase the rate of heat generation during setting and, thus, should be used with caution where plastic casing is employed. The temperature of a setting cement seal can be lowered by circulating water inside the well casing and/or by adding bentonite to the cement mixture, up to 6 percent by weight of cement used. Cement-based sealing material shall be constituted as follows: a. Neat Cement. For Types I or II Portland cement,neat cement shall be mixed at a ratio of one 94-pound sack of Portland cement to S to 6 gallons of'clean' water. Additional water may be required where special additives, such as bentonite, or 'accelerators' or 'retardants' are used. b. Sand Cement. Sand-cement shall be mixed at a ratio of not more than 188 pounds of sand to one 94-pound sack of Portland cement (2 parts sand to 1 part cement,by weight) and about 7 gallons of clean water,where Type I or Type II Portland cement is used. This is equivalent to a'10.3 sack mix.' Less -18-