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Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Technical Report Griffith Energy Storage Project While AB 32 aimed to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by year 2020, SB 32 was later passed and aimed to further reduce emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. A new threshold has not been determined but is expected to decrease over time in order to reduce project GHG emissions to meet SB 32 targets beyond 2020. 3.3.2 Approach and Methodology A GHG analysis is required to be included in CEQA documents for all non-exempt projects. SJVAPCD supports the use of the interim thresholds as established by the CAPCOA when adopted thresholds are not applicable. A new threshold has not been established to meet SB 32 targets beyond 2020 CAPCOA proposes that projects amortize construction emissions over the 30-year lifetime of any given project. Project construction emissions can be amortized by calculating total construction period emissions and dividing by the 30-year lifetime of the Project. For this Project, the major source of GHG is the combustion of fuel in construction equipment, in vehicles used to haul materials, and in vehicles used by workers commuting to and from the site. There are three types of GHG from fuel combustion, including CO2, CH4 and N2O. GHG emissions are presented as CO2e and is computed based on global warming equivalence. The CH4 global warming equivalence is 25 times that of CO2, and the N2O global warming equivalence is 298 times that of CO2. Mathematically, the CO2e can be represented by the following equation: CO2e Emissions = CO2 Emissions + 25 x CH4 Emissions + 298 x N2O Emissions The CalEEMod model was used to estimate the GHG emissions during the construction phase of the proposed Project. Based on the construction schedule, types and quantities of construction equipment, and haul trucks, etc., the maximum CO2e emissions were estimated. The CalEEMod model provides a CO2 profile only and does not quantify CO2e, CH4 and N2O emissions. The analysis assumed that the CO2 emissions are CO2e. For typical diesel-fueled combustion equipment used in construction activities, the emissions factors adjusted with global warming equivalence are the following: 1. CO2 emission factors are 22.4 pounds of CO2e per gallon consumed 2. CH4 emission factors are 0.065 pounds of CO2e per gallon consumed 3. N2O emission factors are 0.068 pounds of CO2. per gallon consumed As shown in these emission factors, the CO2 profile is 99 percent of the total GHG emissions generated in combustion equipment. Additionally, GHG emissions are associated with fugitive emissions of SFs from gas-insulated switchgear equipment, such as the high voltage circuit breakers at the on-site substation and R-134A leaking from the battery cooling systems. The SFs global warming potential (GWP) is 22,800 times that of CO2. The Project will have no more than two high-voltage circuit breakers, each with up to 160 pounds of SFs for a total of up to 320 pounds, and a maximum leak rate of 0.5 percent per year. CO2e resulting from SFs gas leakage can be represented by the following equation: CO2e Emissions = SFs gas contained in equipment(lbs)x 0.5% leak rate per year x 0.0004536 MT/Ib x 22,800 The R-134A GWP us 1,430 times that of CO2. The Project will have approximately 500 battery storage units with a leak rate of approximately 0.035 pounds of R-1 34A per unit. CO2e resulting from R-1 34A leakage can be represented by the following equation: CO2e Emissions = R-134A leak rate (0.035 lbs) x 500 battery units x 0.0004536 MT/Ib x 1,430 OTETRA TECH 36 July 2023