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Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Report Page IV.D-3 Forward Inc. Landfill 2014 Expansion Project compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOJ. VOCs and NO,,are known as precursor compounds for ozone. Substantial ozone production generally requires ozone precursors to be present in a stable atmosphere with strong sunlight for approximately three hours. Ozone is a regional air pollutant because it is not emitted directly by sources,but is formed downwind of sources of VOC and NO,,under the influence of wind and sunlight. Ozone concentrations tend -1 to be higher in the late spring, summer, and fall, when the long sunny days combine with regional subsidence inversions to create conditions conducive to the formation and accumulation of secondary photochemical compounds, such as ozone. J Carbon Monoxide. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a non-reactive pollutant that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials such as fossil fuels, and is mostly associated with motor vehicle traffic, and in wintertime, with wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. High CO concentrations develop primarily during winter when periods of light winds combine with the formation of ground-level temperature inversions (typically from the evening through early morning). These conditions result in reduced dispersion of vehicle exhaust emissions. Motor vehicles also exhibit increased CO emission rates at low air temperatures. When inhaled at high concentrations, CO combines with hemoglobin in the blood and reduces its' oxygen-carrying capacity, resulting in reduced oxygen reaching the brain, heart, and other body tissues. This condition is especially critical for people with -- cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung disease, or anemia. CO measurements and modeling are not a priority in most California air districts due to the retirement of older polluting vehicles, less emissions from new vehicles, and improvements in fuels. Nitrogen Oxides.When combustion temperatures are extremely high, as in aircraft, truck and automobile engines, atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen to form various oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the most significant air pollutants generally referred to as NOX. Nitric oxide is a colorless and odorless gas that is relatively harmless to humans, quickly converts to NO2 and can be measured. Nitrogen dioxide has been found to be a lung irritant capable of producing pulmonary edema. Inhaling NO2 can lead to — respiratory illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Particulate Matter. Particulate matter (PM,o and PM2.5) consists of airborne particles that are 10 microns or less in diameter and 2.5 microns or less in diameter, respectively. PM10 and PM2.5 represent fractions of particulate matter that can be inhaled into the air passages and the lungs and can cause adverse health effects. Particulate matter in the atmosphere results from many kinds of dust-and fume-producing industrial and agricultural operations, fuel combustion, wood burning stoves and fireplaces, and atmospheric photochemical reactions. Some sources of particulate matter, such as demolition and construction activities and mining, are more local in nature, while others, such as vehicular traffic and wood burning stoves and fireplaces, have a more regional effect. Very small particles of certain substances (e.g., sulfates and nitrates) can cause lung damage directly, or can contain adsorbed gases (e.g., chlorides or ammonium) that may be injurious to health. Particulates also can damage materials and reduce visibility. Dust comprised of large particles (diameter greater than 10 microns) settles out rapidly and is easily filtered by human breathing passages. This dust is of concern more as a soiling nuisance rather than a health hazard. The remaining fraction, PM,o and PM2.5, are a health concern particularly at levels above the federal and State ambient air quality standards. PM2.5(including diesel exhaust particles)is thought to have greater deleterious effects on health because these particles are so small and thus are able to penetrate to the deepest parts of the lungs. Acute and chronic health effects associated with high particulate levels include the aggravation of chronic respiratory diseases,heart and lung disease, and coughing,bronchitis, and