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3XTOXNET PIP- GLYPHOSATE Page 2 o goats [8,96]. It is practically nontoxic by skin exposure, with reported dermal LD50 values of greater than 5000 mg/kg for the acid and isopropylamine salt. The trimethylsulfonium salt has a reported dermal LD50 of greater th, 2000 mg/kg. It is reportedly not irritating to the skin of rabbits, and does not induce skin sensitization in guinea pi [58]. It does cause eye irritation in rabbits [58]. Some formulations may cause much more extreme irritation of the skin or eyes [58]. In a number of human volunteers, patch tests produced no visible skin changes or sensitization [58]. The reported 4-hour rat inhalation LC50 values for the technical acid and salts were 5 to 12 mg/L [58], indicating moderate toxicity via this route. Some formulations may show high acute inhalation toxicity [58]. Whil it does contain a phosphatyl functional group, it is not structually similar to organophosphate pesticides which contain organophosphate esters, and it does not significantly inhibit cholinesterase activity [1,58]. . Chronic toxicity: Studies of glyphosate lasting up to 2 years,have been conducted with rats, dogs,mice, and rabbits, and with few exceptions no effects were observed [96]. For example, in a chronic feeding study with rats, no toxic effects were observed in rats given doses as high as 400 mg/kg/day [58]. Also, no toxic effects were observed in a chronic feeding study with dogs fed up to 500 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested [58,97]. . Reproductive effects: Laboratory studies show that glyphosate produces reproductive changes in test animals ver rarely and then only at very high doses (over 150 mg/kg/day) [58,96]. It is unlikely that the compound would produce reproductive effects in humans. . Teratogenic effects: In a teratology study with rabbits, no developmental toxicity was observed in the fetuses at t highest dose tested (350 mg/kg/day) [97]. Rats given doses up to 175 mg/kg/day on days 6 to 19 of pregnancy hat offspring with no teratogenic effects, but other toxic effects were observed in both the mothers and the fetuses. Nc toxic effects to the fetuses occurred at 50 mg/kg/day [97]. Glyphosate does not appear to be teratogenic. . Mutagenic effects: Glyphosate mutagenicity and genotoxicity assays have been negative [58]. These included the Ames test, other bacterial assays, and the Chinese Hamster Ovary(CHO) cell culture, rat bone marrow cell cultun and mouse dominant lethal assays [58]. It appears that glyphosate is not mutagenic. . Carcinogenic effects: Rats given oral doses of up to 400 mg/kg/day did not show any signs of cancer, nor did dol given oral doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day or mice fed glyphosate at doses of up to 4500 mg/kg/day (58]. It appears that glyphosate is not carcinogenic [97]. . Organ toxicity: Some microscopic liver and kidney changes, but no observable differences in function or toxic effects, have been seen after lifetime administration of glyphosate to test animals [97]. . Fate in humans and animals: Glyphosate is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract and is largely excreted unchanged by mammals. At 10 days after treatment, there were only minute amounts in the tissues of rats fed glyphosate for 3 weeks [98]. Cows, chickens, and pigs fed small amounts of glyphosate had undetectable levels (less than 0.05 ppm) in muscle tissue and fat. Levels in milk and eggs were also undetectable (less than 0.025 pprr Glyphosate has no significant potential to accumulate in animal tissue [99]. cological Effects: . Effects on birds: Glyphosate is slightly toxic to wild birds. The dietary LC50 in both mallards and bobwhite quai is greater than 4500 ppm [1]. . Effects on aquatic organisms: Technical glyphosate acid is practically nontoxic to fish and may be slightly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. The 96-hour LC50 is 120 mg/L in bluegill sunfish, 168 mg/L in harlequin, and 86 mg/L it rainbow trout [58]. The reported 96-hour LC50 values for other aquatic species include greater than 10 mg/L in Atlantic oysters, 934 mg/L in fiddler crab, and 281 mg/L in shrimp [58]. The 48-hour LC50 for glyphosate in Daphnia(water flea), an important food source for freshwater fish, is 780 mg/L [58]. Some formulations may be more toxic to fish and aquatic species due to differences in toxicity between the salts and the parent acid or to surfactants used in the formulation [58,96]. There is a very low potential for the compound to build up in the tissu( of aquatic invertebrates or other aquatic organisms [96]. . Effects on other organisms: Glyphosate is nontoxic to honeybees [1,58]. Its oral and dermal LD50 is greater thar 0.1 mg/bee [98]. The reported contact LC50 values for earthworms in soil are greater than 5000 ppm for both the glyphosate trimethylsulfonium salt and Roundup [58]. ittp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/glyphosa.htm 7/2/201