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a <br /> I _ <br /> this is equivalent to 45 .8 grams of sodium persulfate to 1 gram of benzene. (Florida <br /> Department of Environmental Protection, February 25, 2005; Enclosure 2, <br /> Supplemental Information; p. 8-9). <br /> Molecular Structure of Sodium Persulfate: <br /> Of O(( <br /> I II <br /> Ne - 0 — S— O — O — S 0 - Na` <br /> l 1 <br /> O o <br /> Application of Activator and Sodium Persulfate: <br /> The activator and the sodium persulfate can be applied together (simultaneously) or <br /> separately (sequentially). <br /> Oxidation Potential: <br /> The persulfate anion produced by Klozur ' is a relatively powerful oxidant, and the <br /> sulfate radical produced is more powerful still. Their oxidation potentials, volts (V), <br /> relative to some other oxidants are shown below. 1. <br /> Highest Oxidation Potential 2 .7 V Hydroxyl Radical (* OH) <br /> 2.6 V Sulfate Radical ( SO4) <br /> 2 .2 V Ozone -(03) <br /> 2.1 V Persulfate anion (S208`2) <br /> 1 .8 V Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) <br /> 1 .7 V Permanganate Anion (Mn04 <br /> Lowest Oxidation Potential 1 .4 V Peroxymonosulfate Anion (HSQ0 <br /> Comparison to Other Oxidant Chemistries: <br /> In addition to oxidizing strength, the advantages of persulfate and sulfate radical <br /> oxidation are: <br /> • The radical oxidation chemistry is kinetically fast; <br /> • The persulfate ion is more stable than hydrogen or hydroxyl radical, so there is <br /> opportunity for it to last longer and travel further in the subsurface; and <br /> • The persulfate ion has less affmity for natural soil organics than permanganate, <br /> thereby making it more efficient in applications in organic-rich soils. <br /> Sodium persulfate can quickly remediate petroleum hydrocarbons present in the vadose <br /> 6 <br />