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r.' <br /> Bentonite-a clay formed from volcanic ash decomposition and largely composed of montmoriilonite <br /> and beidellite. Usually characterized by high swelling on wetting. <br /> Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) -a concentration or technology-based treatment <br /> standard applied to RCRA waste under the Land Disposal Restrictions. <br /> Binder-a cement, cement-like material, or resin (possibly in conjunction with water, extender, or other <br /> additives) used to hold particles together. <br /> Bioaccumulation-the transfer of metal from a contaminated matrix to biomass. <br /> Biobeneficiation-chemical action or particle surface modification by microorganisms to improve <br /> physical separation of a contaminated solid matrix into contaminant-rich and contaminant-poor streams. <br /> Bioconcentration-increase of metal contaminant concentration by the metabolic activity of a suitable <br /> animal, plant, or microorganism. <br /> Bioleaching-a process developed in the mining industry as an inexpensive method to recover metals. <br /> The technology involves microbial solubil'rzation of metals from a solid or semisolid matrix. <br /> Biomagnification -a process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up <br /> the food chain, work their way into a river or lake and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish <br /> which in tum are eaten by birds, other animals, or humans. The substances become concentrated in <br /> tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain. <br /> Biological Treatment Options-the application of biological metabolism or materials to the treatment of <br /> metals. <br /> Bitumen- naturally occurring or pyrolytically-obtained dark or black colored, tarry hydrocarbons <br /> consisting almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen, with very little oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. <br /> BNA- base, neutral, and acid (organic) compounds, a chemical analysis Identification for organic <br /> compounds based on extraction properties. <br /> Buffer-a solution selected or prepared to minimize changes in pH (hydrogen ion concentration). Also <br /> known as buffer solution. <br /> Calcination-in general, heating a material to a temperature below its melting point to cause chemical <br /> decomposition or phase transition other than melting. Used In this document to designate a process for <br /> further refining the mixed cadmium, lead, and zinc oxide product from a Waelz kiln. By controlling the <br /> temperature profile in the kiln and using oxidizing conditions, the cadmium and lead are volatilized and. <br /> oxidized while zinc oxide remains as a solid. The cadmium and lead fumes are collected for further <br /> refining to separate cadmium and lead for reuse. <br /> Capping Systems-capping systems are designed to reduce surface water infiltration, control gas and <br /> odor emissions, improve aesthetics, and provide a stable surface over the waste. <br /> Cation-a positively-charged atom or group of atoms. <br /> Cation Exchange Capacity-quantity of available hydrated cation exchange sites, usually expressed as <br /> milliequivalents per unit mass of volume. <br /> Cement-a mixture of calcium aluminates and silicates made by combining lime and clay under heating. <br /> K-2 <br />