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S9200-06-82 ATTACHMENT D T8 CCR§ozV.Cadmium -Appendix A <br /> Acute pneumonitis occurs 10 to 24 hours after initial acute inhalation of high levels of cadmium <br /> fumes with symptoms such as fever and chest pain(Exs. 30, 8-86B). In extreme exposure cases <br /> pulmonary edema may develop and cause death several days after exposure. Little actual <br /> exposure measurement data is available on the level of airborne cadmium exposure that causes <br /> such immediate adverse lung effects, nonetheless, it is reasonable to believe a cadmium <br /> concentration of approximately 1 mg/m3 over an eight hour period is "immediately dangerous" <br /> (55 FR 4052, ANSI; Ex. 8-86B). <br /> In addition to acute lung effects and chronic renal effects, long term exposure to cadmium may <br /> cause other severe effects on the respiratory system. Reduced pulmonary function and chronic <br /> lung disease indicative of emphysema have been observed in workers who have had prolonged <br /> exposure to cadmium dust or fumes(Exs. 4-29, 4-22,4-42,4-50, 4-63). In a study of workers <br /> conducted by Kazantzis et al., a statistically significant excess of worker deaths due to chronic <br /> bronchitis was found, which in his opinion was directly related to high cadmium exposures of 1 <br /> mg/m3 or more Jr. 6/8/90, pp. 156-157). <br /> Cadmium need not be respirable to constitute a hazard. Inspirable cadmium particles that are too <br /> large to be respirable but small enough to enter the tracheobronchial region of the lung can lead to <br /> bronchoconstriction, chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer of that portion of the lung. All of <br /> these diseases have been associated with occupational exposure to cadmium(Ex. 8- 8613). <br /> Particles that are constrained by their size to the extra-thoracic regions of the respiratory system <br /> such as the nose and maxillary sinuses can be swallowed through mucocillary clearance and be <br /> absorbed into the body (ACGIH, Ex. 8-692). The impaction of these particles in the upper <br /> airways can lead to anosmia, or loss of sense of smell, which is an early indication of <br /> overexposure among workers exposed to heavy metals. This condition is commonly reported <br /> among cadmium-exposed workers(Ex. 8-86-B). <br /> Stockton 6-Lane,Task Order No.82 Caltrans Contract 06A1141,EA 10-03A1001 <br /> Project No.S9200-06-82 Page D-6 of 6 December 2009 <br />