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Chemwatch:4650-14 Page 9 of 14 Issue Date:11/12/2018
<br /> Version No:8.1.1.1 API Pond Freshwater Nitrite Test Solution Print Date:06/21/2019
<br /> products when exposed to air.
<br /> Sensitization studies in guinea pigs revealed that the pure nonoxidized surfactant itself is nonsensitizing but that many of
<br /> the investigated oxidation products are sensitizers.Two hydroperoxides were identified in the oxidation mixture,but only
<br /> one(16-hydroperoxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptacosan-1-ol )was stable enough to be isolated.It was found to be a strong
<br /> sensitizer in LLNA(local lymph node assay for detection of sensitization capacity).The formation of other hydroperoxides
<br /> was indicated by the detection of their corresponding aldehydes in the oxidation mixture.
<br /> On the basis of the lower irritancy,nonionic surfactants are often preferred to ionic surfactants in topical products.
<br /> However,
<br /> their susceptibility towards autoxidation also increases the irritation. Because of their irritating effect, it is difficult
<br /> to diagnose ACD to these compounds by patch testing.
<br /> Allergic Contact Dermatitis—Formation,Structural Requirements,and Reactivity of Skin Sensitizers.
<br /> Ann-Therese Karlberg et al;Chem.Res.Toxicol.2008,21,53-69
<br /> Polyethylene glycols(PEGS)have a wide variety of PEG-derived mixtures due to their readily linkable terminal primary
<br /> hydroxyl groups in combination with many possible compounds and complexes such as ethers,fatty acids,castor oils,
<br /> amines,propylene glycols,among other derivatives. PEGs and their derivatives are broadly utilized in cosmetic products
<br /> as surfactants,emulsifiers,cleansing agents,humectants,and skin conditioners.
<br /> PEGs and PEG derivatives were generally regulated as safe for use in cosmetics,with the conditions that impurities and
<br /> by-products,such as ethylene oxides and 1,4-dioxane,which are known carcinogenic materials,should be removed before
<br /> they are mixed in cosmetic formulations.
<br /> Most PEGs are commonly available commercially as mixtures of different oligomer sizes in broadly-or narrowly-defined
<br /> molecular weight(MW)ranges.For instance,PEG-10,000 typically designates a mixture of PEG molecules(n=195 to
<br /> 265)having an average MW of 10,000.PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide(PEO)or polyoxyethylene(POE),with
<br /> the three names being chemical synonyms.However,PEGs mainly refer to oligomers and polymers with molecular
<br /> masses below 20,000 g/mol,while PEOs are polymers with molecular masses above 20,000 g/mol,and POEs are
<br /> polymers of any molecular mass.Relatively small molecular weight PEGs are produced by the chemical reaction between
<br /> ethylene oxide and water or ethylene glycol(or other ethylene glycol oligomers),as catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
<br /> To produce PEO or high-molecular weight PEGs,synthesis is performed by suspension polymerization.It is necessary to
<br /> hold the growing polymer chain in solution during the course of the poly-condensation process.The reaction is catalyzed
<br /> by magnesium-,aluminum-,or calcium-organoelement compounds.To prevent coagulation of polymer chains in the
<br /> solution,chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used
<br /> Safety Evaluation of Polyethyene Glycol(PEG)Compounds for Cosmetic Use:Toxicol Res 2015;31:105-136 The Korean
<br /> Society of Toxicology
<br /> http://doi.org/l 0.5487/TR.2015.31.2.105
<br /> for molecular weights(200-8000)"Oral(rat)LD50:31000->50000 mg/kg Oral(mice)LD50:38000->50000 mg/kg Oral
<br /> (g.pig)LD50: 17000->50000 mg/kg Oral(rabbit)LD50: 14000->50000 mg/kg`AIHA WEEL Guides Intraperitoneal(mice)
<br /> LD50:3100-12900 mg/kg
<br /> Asthma-like symptoms may continue for months or even years after exposure to the material ceases.This may be due
<br /> to a non-allergenic condition known as reactive airways dysfunction syndrome(RADS)which can occur following exposure
<br /> to high levels of highly irritating compound.Key criteria for the diagnosis of RADS include the absence of preceding
<br /> respiratory disease,in a non-atopic individual,with abrupt onset of persistent asthma-like symptoms within minutes to
<br /> hours of a documented exposure to the irritant.A reversible airflow pattern,on spirometry,with the presence of moderate
<br /> to severe bronchial hyperreactivity on methacholine challenge testing and the lack of minimal lymphocytic inflammation,
<br /> without eosinophilia,have also been included in the criteria for diagnosis of RADS.RADS(or asthma)following an irritating
<br /> inhalation is an infrequent disorder with rates related to the concentration of and duration of exposure to the irritating
<br /> substance. Industrial bronchitis,on the other hand,is a disorder that occurs as result of exposure due to high
<br /> concentrations of irritating substance(often particulate in nature)and is completely reversible after exposure ceases.The
<br /> disorder is characterised by dyspnea,cough and mucus production.
<br /> MURIATIC ACID No significant acute toxicological data identified in literature search.
<br /> CONCENTRATE for acid mists,aerosols,vapours
<br /> Data from assays for genotoxic activity in vitro suggest that eukaryotic cells are susceptible to genetic damage when the
<br /> pH falls to about 6.5.Cells from the respiratory tract have not been examined in this respect.Mucous secretion may
<br /> protect the cells of the airways from direct exposure to inhaled acidic mists,just as mucous plays an important role in
<br /> protecting the gastric epithelium from its auto-secreted hydrochloric acid.In considering whether pH itself induces
<br /> genotoxic events in vivo in the respiratory system,comparison should be made with the human stomach,in which gastric
<br /> juice may be at pH 1-2 under fasting or nocturnal conditions,and with the human urinary bladder,in which the pH of urine
<br /> can range from<5 to>7 and normally averages 6.2. Furthermore,exposures to low pH in vivo differ from exposures in
<br /> vitro in that,in vivo,only a portion of the cell surface is subjected to the adverse conditions,so that perturbation of
<br /> intracellular homeostasis may be maintained more readily than in vitro.
<br /> The substance is classified by IARC as Group 3:
<br /> NOT classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
<br /> Evidence of carcinogenicity may be inadequate or limited in animal testing.
<br /> API Pond Freshwater
<br /> Nitrite Test Solution& The material may be irritating to the eye,with prolonged contact causing inflammation.Repeated or prolonged exposure to
<br /> POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
<br /> &MURIATIC ACID irritants may produce conjunctivitis.
<br /> CONCENTRATE
<br /> The material may cause skin irritation after prolonged or repeated exposure and may produce a contact dermatitis
<br /> API Pond Freshwater This form of dermatitis is often characterised b skin redness(erythema)and swellingepidermis.
<br /> Nitrite Test Solution& (nonallergic). y ( ry ) p
<br /> POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL Histologically there may be intercellular oedema of the spongy layer(spongiosis)and intracellular oedema of the
<br /> epidermis.
<br /> Continued...
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