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4.1 – Air Quality
<br />Draft Environmental Impact Report February 2021
<br />14800 W. Schulte Road Logistics Center 4.1-30
<br />and 381 trips would be heavy-duty trucks and medium-heavy-duty trucks (32%). The Project’s mobile trips were
<br />conservatively estimated to operate 365 days per year (Appendix F).
<br />Vehicle emissions occur during startup, operation (running), and idling, as well as from evaporative losses when the
<br />engines are resting. The emissions factors for trucks and passenger vehicles were determined using EMFAC2017,
<br />which generates emissions factors, expressed in grams per mile, grams per trip, and grams per vehicle per day, for
<br />the fleet in a class of motor vehicles within a region for a particular study year. For this analysis, San Joaquin County
<br />was selected for the region and calendar year 2022 was selected in EMFAC to represent the Project’s operational
<br />start year.
<br />A composite, or weighted-average, emissions factor was developed for Project vehicle types if more than one vehicle
<br />category in EMFAC is anticipated to be representative of the Project vehicle. The composite emissions factors are
<br />weighted by vehicle miles traveled, population, or trips depending on the emissions process, which is the physical
<br />mechanism that results in the emissions of a pollutant. Delivery trucks were assumed to be heavy-duty trucks and
<br />medium-heavy-duty trucks. For the passenger vehicles, the composite emissions factor represents the weighted average
<br />emissions rate for passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Heavy-duty trucks and medium-heavy-duty
<br />trucks were assumed to be diesel-fueled, and passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks, and motorcycles were assumed to
<br />be a composite mix of gasoline, diesel-fueled, natural gas, and electric, consistent with the default EMFAC vehicle mix.
<br />Truck idling would be limited to 5 minutes in accordance with CARB’s adopted Airborne Toxic Control Measures;
<br />however, for modeling purposes, it was conservatively assumed that heavy-duty trucks would idle for 15 minutes:
<br />entering the site, at the loading dock, and prior to exiting the site.
<br />Off-Road Equipment
<br />Based on the type of Project, off-road equipment is anticipated, which is typically associated with warehouse land
<br />uses; however, Project specifics are not available at this time. Nonetheless, in a good faith effort to include sources
<br />typically associated with warehouse land uses, forklifts, a yard truck, and diesel-fueled fire pump and diesel fuel
<br />storage tank are included in the Project’s emissions inventory. Methods and assumptions to estimate these sources
<br />of emissions are discussed below. Note that all stationary sources would be required to comply with applicable
<br />SJVAPCD rules and regulations, and would be required to obtain a permit to operate from the SJVAPCD.
<br />Forklifts
<br />The SCAQMD published a high cube warehouse truck trip study white paper summary of business survey results
<br />that summarizes various operational results from 34 operating high cube warehouses (SCAQMD Survey) (SCAQMD
<br />2014). The SCAQMD Survey reported an average of 0.12 forklifts/pallet jacks per 1,000 square feet of building
<br />area, which was applied to the Project. Note that this estimate is for total forklifts and pallet jacks, and pallet jacks
<br />are small because they are primarily used to lift small loads in tight quarters (and are electric or manual); therefore,
<br />assuming all pieces of equipment are forklifts is conservative. For the Project, 87 forklifts were assumed based on
<br />the high cube warehouse factor of 0.12 forklifts/pallet jacks per 1,000 square feet of building area. All indoor
<br />forklifts are anticipated to be electric-powered, and although the majority of forklifts are anticipated to be used
<br />indoors, to conservatively capture the potential for outdoor forklift usage, 75% (65 forklifts) of the forklifts were
<br />assumed to be indoor and 25% (22 forklifts) were assumed to be outdoor. The indoor forklifts were modeled as 21-
<br />kilowatt electric forklifts that would operate at 8 hours per day, 365 days per year. The outdoor forklifts were
<br />modeled as 100-horsepower diesel rough-terrain forklifts that would operate at 8 hours per day, 365 days per year.
<br />CalEEMod and spreadsheets were used to estimate emissions from forklifts.
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