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4 Environmental Analysis 4.5 Cultural Resources owned, especially among women, but were often used in ceremonial reciprocity, gift giving, or trade (Gayton 1930, 1948). The Northern Valley Yokuts were immensely involved in trading resources with neighboring tribes such as the Miwok (to the northeast) and Costanoan (also known as Ohlone, to the west and north). The Miwok traded baskets, bows, and arrows with the Yokuts (Levey 1978). The Costanoan (Ohlone) traded mussels, abalone, dried meat, shells, and salt to the Yokuts, and the Yokuts supplied pinon nuts (Levey 1978:488). Historic Overview In California, the historic era is generally divided into three periods: the Spanish Mission Period (1769-1821), the Mexican Rancho Period (1821-1848), and the American Period (1848– present). These periods began at various times within different parts of the state due to the vastly diverse landscapes Euro-Americans immigrated into, often in areas inhabited by indigenous communities. Spanish Mission Period (1769-1821) The Spanish Mission Period—between 1769 and 1821—designates the time when the Spanish established missions along the California coast (Castillo 1978). The first recorded contact between California natives and Europeans occurred in 1542, when the Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo expedition traveled along the west coast of California (Castillo 1978). Between 1769 and 1833, the Spanish founded 21 missions from San Diego north to the San Francisco Bay area (Presidio). Mission San Francisco Solano (founded 1823), Mission San Rafael Arcangel (founded in 1817), San Francisco de Asis (founded in 1776), Mission San Josh (founded 1797), and Mission Santa Clara de Asis (founded 1777), were established along the coast near the present-day San Francisco Bay area, over 50 miles northwest, west, and southwest of the Project site (California Missions 2021). Although the inland areas of the San Joaquin Valley were not settled by the Spanish, influences from coastal missions and presidios were felt inland by the end of the eighteenth century. The mission lands extended from the coast east to the San Joaquin Valley. The local Yokuts population was forcibly indoctrinated into the mission system and baptized as neophytes. Many Yokuts were transported to the San Jose, Santa Clara, Soledad, San Juan Bautista, and San Antonio Missions (Wallace 1978). The padres used the Yokuts as laborers for the mission's large tracts of land, putting them to work with agricultural and ranching duties. The mental and physical health of the Yokuts people suffered, and many people died or tried to escape to the interior valley (Gifford and Schenck 1926). The padres would send soldiers to search for and retrieve the people who escaped, though many were able to elude the soldiers (Gifford and Schenck 1926; Wallace 1978). The ex-neophytes often led raiding parties targeting the mission cattle herds and horses (Wallace 1978). The transition between the Spanish releases of their northwest coast of California territory to Mexico occurred from 1821 to 1823. Mexican Rancho Period (1821-1848) The period from 1821 to 1848 is referred to as the Mexican Rancho Period (Castillo 1978). In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, and the secularization of the missions was completed in 1834. It was during this period that large tracts of land called "ranchos"were granted by the various Mexican Governors of Alta, California, usually to individuals who had worked in the Griffith Energy Storage Project 4.5-6 Tetra Tech/SCH 2022120675 Draft Environmental Impact Report August 2023