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t3loresN t'cchnologv 52(1995) I01-107 yMElsevier Science Limited LllEat Printed in at Britain.All rights reserved f19(0-8521/95/h9j0 ' 'BEVIEH 0960-8524(94)00144-8 R V, 51-52 ORGANIC LINERS FOR THE SEALING OF EARTHEN RESERVOIRS S. F. Barrington," R. Stilborn`' & R. Garcia Moreno" -nniml Engineering Delwnment of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne ele Bellevue, H9X 3V9, Canada "Lakeside lndusiries, Brooks, Alberni, T1R lBR Canada (Received 27 July 1994; revised version received 25 November 1994; accepted 5 December 1994) .tstract contained in the liquid deposit themselves at the "til laboratory columns are used to test the sealing entrance to, and within, the soil pores. This physical etency of organic liners made of various combing_ scaling process can be enhanced by microbes pro- ; 3ns of straw and eiJe✓ Lcc1:c: mantdre or broiler during gums and by biochemical reactions i 6a In tests conducted in triplicate each liner was destroying the soil pores (Barrington et al., 1987; *d at the centre of a 0.6 m core of loam and Rowscll et al., 1985; Davis et a[., ]973). *erged for 83 days under 3.25 m of low total solids Consequently, wastewater will effectively seal a ,M wastewater. The liquid and contaminant seepage- soil as long as it contains at least 4% TS (Barrington &e for each liner was monitored throughout the et al., 1990) and the soil has a fine particle-size eameru. The finer made of 85%a beefiot manure distribution. High proportions of coarse particles 15% straw, on a dry matter basis, gave the lowest (sands and gravels) lead to larger soil pores and t' ge rate of 19 x 10-9 in s-'. This same liner fim- leaching, rather than trapping, of the wastewater %nitrogen solid particles.-', To ensure physical clogging, Barring- seepage rates well below 06 g in d is the limit required by most North American ton and Broughton (1988) have sugggested amental Authorities. Extrapolation of the seep- minimum soil clay-particle contents of 5 and 15% "rates, which .still decreased after 83 slays, indicated for manures produced by ruminants and monogas- 'fiu the best liner could reach sealing levels of tric animals, respectively. Hills (1976) found that q 10-'m s-' after 128 days clogging requires a soil with at least 9% clay particle content and with a limited particle size over 0 5 mm. words: Liners, wastewater, low total solids, glei- Otherwise, physical scaling may not limit seepage : n rates under the required level of 1 x 10-` m s- and the earthen reservoir can contaminate the surround- ing groundwater. ODUCTION Enhanced gleization is a technique which has n structures for the storage of wastewater are been used to seal soils expc;ed to wastewater of low mical and environmentally safe if they are TS (Nlcholaichuk, 1978). This process requires a t according to specific design criteria. One of water-logged soil with a minimum organic matter ikse criteria requires that the wastewater contains content. Under such conditions, specific anaerobic �1ore than 4% TS (total solids) to initiate a physical microbes reduce the medium and solubilize impor- 5!ialing process. Low total solids problems can be tant soil aggregation cements such as magnesium 6n6lved through the impermeabilization of the soil and iron compounds. As a result, the soil loses its dj enhancedg leization. This technique consists of structure, its permeability and its large pores (Rus- sell, 1988; Mirtskhulava et al., 1972). -"ng a layer of er�ani- mntter at, a depth of °x'315-030 in under the soil surface to be submerged. Enhanced gleization has been used to seal earthen irrigation channels as well as reservoirs (Mirtskhu organic layer brings about a microbial cedar- - iAbo process, thereby destroying the structure and lava et al., 1972). The technique requires the burial iii acing the permeability of the soil. An experiment of an organic- layer of 3-4 kg m_z of dry matter �Oconducted to test the sealing ability of enhanced some 0.15-0.30 in below the soil surface. Once sub- 'enation through the use of organic liners made of merged and under ambient temperatures ranging us mixtures of straw and either beellot manure between 10 and 30°C, a plastic soil layer develops to 'broiler litter. a depth of 30-50 mm after 4-8 weeks, 150-200 mm e sealing of soils by wastewater depends mostly after 1 year, and 300-350 mm after 3-4 years. To :rb a physical process whereby the solid particles effectively induce gleization Mirtskhulava et al. 101