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} Sb 4- Thoracic Particulate Mass TLVs for materials hazardous when deposited anywhere within the lung airways and/or gas-exchange region. Respirable Particulate Mass TLVs for those materials hazardous when deposited in the gas-exchange region. '1 2.2.3 Benzene Benzene occurs in coal and coal-tar distillation products and in petroleum products ' such as gasoline. It is used as a solvent for waxes, resins and oils; as a pint remover; as .' a diluent for IacQuers; in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, varnishes and linoleum: and as a raw material to produce a number of organic compounds. t Benzene is an acute as well as a chronic toxicant. The acute toxic effects from inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact are low to moderate. The symptoms in humans are hallucination, distorted perception, euphoria, nausea, vomiting, and headache. The narcotic effects in humans may occur from inhaling benzene in air at a concentration of 200 ppm. High concentrations may cause convulsions. Benzene is an irritant to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The chronic poisoning from benzene is much more severe than its acute toxicity. The target organs to acute and chronic poisoning are the blood, bone marrow, central nervous system, respiratory system, eyes, and skin. Heavy - # occupational exposures to benzene can cause bone marrow depression and anemia, and in rare cases, leukemia. Leukemia may develop severalyears after the exposure ceases. The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit [PEL] is I ppm for an 8-hour exposure. The > Short Term Exposure Limit [STEL] is S ppm for 30 minutes. Benzene is a human carcinogen. WARNING: Lead is known to the State of California to cause cancer. .) 2.2.4 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PNAsj Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) are a class of compounds consisting of various arrangements and substitutions of multiple benzene rings. PAHs result mainly from the incomplete combustion or high-temperature treatment of coal-derived materials. Since there are no published exposure limits to PAHs, coal tar pitch volatile exposure values are used. The coal tar pitch volatile (CTPV) is a "benzene-soluble" fraction of total particulates that generally contains substances that have carcinogenic potential. Epidemiological studies of the cancer mortality rates among those workers that have high PAH exposure show an association with increased mortality from lung cancer. WARNING: Some PNAs are known to the State of California to cause cancer. 'a Sb Environmental services,LLC O October,1003 California Integrated Waste Management Board -> Site Specific Health and Safety Plan Page 15 of 62 Tracy Tire Fire Remediation Project