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Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Technical Report Griffith Energy Storage Project concentrations to ambient background levels, and comparing to the applicable ambient air quality standard. A project would be considered a significant impact if its emissions are predicted to cause or contribute to a violation of an ambient air quality standard by exceeding any CAAQS or NAAQS. If an exceedance of the CAAQS or NAAQS is predicted, modeled concentrations may be compared to significant impact levels to assess whether a project's emissions would contribute significantly to an existing violation of the CAAQS or NAAQS. Toxic Air Contaminants The SJVAPCD has established thresholds of significance for combined TAC emissions from the operations of both permitted and non-permitted sources (SJVAPCD 2015a). Projects that have the potential to expose the public to TACs in excess of the following thresholds would be considered to have a significant air quality impact: 00 Probability of contracting cancer for the maximally exposed individual equals or exceeds 20 in 1 million people. 00 Hazard Index for acute and chronic noncarcinogenic TACs equals or exceeds 1 for the maximally exposed individual. Odors As described in the Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts, due to the subjective nature of odor impacts, there are no quantitative thresholds to determine if potential odors would have a significant impact(SJVAPCD 2015a). Projects must be assessed for odor impacts on a case-by-case basis for the following two situations: 00 Generators: Projects that would potentially generate odorous emissions proposed to locate near existing sensitive receptors or other land uses where people may congregate. 00 Receivers: Residential or other sensitive receptor projects or other projects built for the intent of attracting people locating near existing odor sources. 2.4.2 Approach and Methodology Air quality and global climate change impacts associated with the proposed Project are related to emissions that would occur during construction and subsequent operation of the proposed Project. The principal sources of pollutants during construction would be earth-moving activities, construction equipment, trucks bringing materials to and from the site, on-site generators, and construction crew commuting vehicles. There are numerous air quality modeling tools available to assess air quality impacts of the Project. Emissions were estimated based on the air emission modeling software package CalEEMod (Version 2020.4.0). The model contains data specific to each California air basin. The model quantifies direct emissions from construction and operations (including vehicle use), as well as indirect emissions, such as GHG emissions from energy use, solid waste disposal, vegetation planting and/or removal, and water use. For calculation of on-road (off-site) mobile sources, CaIEEMod uses the EMFAC2017 emissions model. 2.4.2.1 Construction The construction processes are anticipated to occur during a period of approximately 15 months. Project construction would consist of five major stages, with the third and fourth stages concurrent with the second stage. The first stage would include mobilization, site preparation, fencing, laydown, and trenching. Grubbing and grading would occur on the site to achieve the required surface conditions and to accommodate the support structures and access roads. Due to the sloped topography of the Project site, site preparation would require approximately 407,000 cubic yards of cut and 406,000 cubic yards of fill, to create a single terrace on which the batteries would be installed. This area was conservatively used in OTETRA TECH 19 July 2023