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AECOM • Garments worn to keep out rain and spray should also allow water vapor to escape. • Take advantage of heat from the sun and stay out of the wind as much as possible. • Have available emergency shelter providing protection from wind and rain and insulation from the ground. • Replace wet clothing. If wet clothing cannot be replaced,then cover it with a layer of non-breathing material to prevent evaporation. Place an insulation layer over this non-breathing material. • Get adequate rest; conserve energy. • Get adequate nutrition to replenish energy stores; rest after meals. • Drink adequate fluids to avoid dehydration. • If any project/location staff member shows signs of hypothermia, stop and treat him/her. 4.5.2 In order to prevent frost bite: • Dress to prevent hypothermia and protect the feet and hands. • Avoid obstruction of circulation by,for example,tight boots or tightly fitting clothing. • Avoid nicotine (particularly cigarettes)and do not consume alcohol. • Keep ears and nose covered and out of the wind. • Frostbite of the corneas of the eyes can be prevented by protective goggles. • Adopt a"buddy system"of constantly watching the faces of others in the party for white skin tissue,which is evidence of frostbite(frostnip). • Practice constant personal vigilance for signs of trouble in one's own fingers and toes; when in doubt, investigate thoroughly before it is too late. 4.5.3 Adequate, insulating dry clothing that will help maintain core temperatures above 96.8°F (37°C) shall be provided to employees if work is performed in air temperatures below 40°F(4.4°C).Wind chill cooling rate and the cooling power of air are critical factors.The higher the wind speed and the lower the temperature in the work area,the greater the insulation value of the protective clothing required. 4.5.4 An Equivalent Chill Temperature(ECT)chart relating the actual dry bulb air temperature and the wind velocity is presented in S3AM-112-ATT1 Temperature Thresholds. Unless unusual or extenuating circumstances exist, cold injury to other than hands,feet, and head is not likely to occur without the development of the initial signs of hypothermia. Superficial or deep local tissue freezing will occur only at temperatures below 32°F(0°C) regardless of wind speed. However, older employees,those with circulatory problems and those with previous cold injuries require special precautionary protection against cold injury. The use of extra insulating clothing and/or a reduction in the duration of the exposure period are among the special precautions that should be considered. 4.5.5 Continuous exposure of skin should not be permitted when the air speed and temperature results in an ECT of—25°F(-32°C)or below. 4.5.6 At air temperatures of 40°F (4.4°C)or less, it is imperative that employees who become immersed in water or whose clothing becomes wet be immediately removed from the cold environment, provided a change of clothing, and be treated for hypothermia. 4.5.7 If the air velocity at the job site is increased by wind, draft, or artificial ventilating equipment, the cooling effect of the wind should be reduced by shielding the work area or by wearing an easily removable windbreak garment. 4.5.8 Adequate protection, such as general ventilation, shall be incorporated into any warming shelter design to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. Cold Stress (S3AM-112-PR1) Revision 2 July 31,2019 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 6 of 9